Astroblog

Illustration of the orbit of the Moon around the Earth. Distances for apogee and perigee are given for the 2011 Full Moons because I was lazy and didn't want to redraw the diagram. 

 The Full Moon of this Monday September 28 occurs at perigee.  The actual moment of Full Moon is  2:50 UT, which is 12:50 AEST (that is around midday when the Moon is below the horizon) and perigee is an hour before that.

  None the less if you look at 10:00 pm on the evening of September 28, the Moon will be bigger than it was on March the 5th at 10:00 pm (when it was an apogee full Moon) or on April 21, 2016 (the next apogee full Moon). At this time there is also a total Lunar Eclipse, but we in Australia will not see it.

Some folks have started to call perigeean Full Moons "Super Moons" for reasons that, to my mind, are not entirely justified.  This comic is relevant.

Still, we have the name, let's move on. What will you see, and what are the implications of this coming "Super Moon".

The Moon has an elliptical orbit around the Earth (greatly exaggerated for illustrative purposes in the diagram above). When the Moon is closest to Earth, it is at perigee, and furthest, at apogee. The orbit of the Moon precesses around the Earth, so that sometimes perigee occurs at full Moon, sometimes at new Moon, and every time in between. Also for a variety of reasons the distances of closest and furthest approach can vary by up to almost 1,000 Km.

Perigee Full Moons ("super moons") are closer and brighter than other full Moons.

So, what can you see?

Without a telescope, and a near photographic memory, not much. This years perigee full Moon could appear up around 12% bigger and around 25% brighter in the sky than this years apogee Moon.

However, the full Moon is only around half a finger-width wide in the sky, 12% of half a finger-width is not very much. This XKCD comic is relevant. As is this one.

Technically the Moon is around 33 arc minutes wide (34') at Perigee and 30' at apogee. The limit of distances that someone with good vision can distinguish between is 1 minute of arc (about the width of a human hair). While a 4 minute of arc difference can theoretically be seen, you need good eyesight and a good memory to compare the Moon sizes after 7 months.


Comparison of the April 2, 2016 mini Moon and the September "Super" Moon simulated in Stellarium. With the unaided eye, the Moon only appears half a finger-width wide, so the difference is much harder to see.


On March 5, the Moon was 406385 Km from Earth at furthest remove, while on September 28 it will be 356876 Km away at closest approach at 12:50 pm.

At 10 pm  on the 28th (when we can actually see it) the Moon will be 357077 Km away.

While the effect is really obvious in a telescope, visually it is very hard to see the difference even if  you have great eyesight. On May 5th 2015,  the Moon's diameter at 10 pm was  29'37", for the perigee Moon of September 28 at 10 pm it will be 33'49".

In both cases the Moon is around half the width of your finger, and just 4' (that's minutes of arc, about 4 human hairs in width) different in size. This is around the limit of what humans can distinguish. If you have great eyesight and and a great memory you will be able to distinguish between the March and September full Moons.

As well, unless you have a REALLY good memory, you will be comparing it with the full Moon the month beforehand, when it was 33'45" in diameter, that is not much different at all.

That doesn't mean you shouldn't look though, Daniel Fischer has been able to see the difference, you can read his account and viewing tips here
http://earthsky.org/space/can-you-discern-supermoons-large-size-with-the-eye-an-observer-says-yes

However, it will be a good photo opportunity, if you have a decent zoom on your camera or access to a small telescope. If you have not already taken an image on March 5,  taking a photo of the Moon on September 28 and then again on  April 21 in 2016  you will see a decent difference (you need to use exactly the same zoom enlargement, see Inconstant Moon for instructions).

Here's my images from the January/August apogee and perigee Moons respectively.

 For a list of full/new Moons and the dates of apogee/perigee see here.

What will Happen? 

The Moon will be bright and lovely, if lucky you may see a satellite pass or a meteor (sadly, there appear to be no International Space Station passes  at this time). Maybe you may see a Moon Bow. But nothing else will happen.

One of the reasons why I am annoyed with the term "super moon" is that it was coined by astrologer Richard Nolle. While I am all for getting people excited about going out an seeing the sky for whatever reason, Mr. Nolle promoted the idea that "super moons" are linked with earthquakes, the name "super moon" almost always pulls up this spurious idea.

They are not. And the "super moon of March 2011, which was much closer than this one, didn't result in any unforeseen earthquake activity.

The total Lunar Eclipse is also part of a tetrad (actually a triad) of Lunar eclipses some folks are worried will bring about "The End of Days". Which it won't, not least because the tetrad is actually a triad.

Labels: apogee, astrophotography, Moon, perigee